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Researches have established that a diabetes patient is more prone to succumb to erectile dysfunction than a normal person. Erectile Dysfunction besides diabetes can prove a disastrous combination that can have an impending effect on the psychological and physical well being of a man's life. Men who are having erectile dysfunction problem may became so concerned with the inadequacy that they try to avoid the sexual situation altogether. Same time it increases the stress level, frustration and can trigger a bout of depression.
It is estimated that more than 50% diabetic patient are suffering from ED. Erectile Dysfunction occur at younger age. Within 10 yrs of the diagnosis of the disease trait of ED begin to surface, although not all diabetics develop ED.
Why the diabetics are easy prey to Erectile Dysfunction? Men endowed with healthy blood vessel, nerves, male Harmon and “desire” to perform gets the erection on wish. Diabetes can kill blood vessels and nerves that make the erection possible. Therefore even the normal amount of male hormones and desire to have sex can not help getting a firm erection.
Medical people believe that presence of a blood sugar in diabetic prove an impediment to the enzyme that start the series of events which lead to erection.
Endothelial nitric acid syntheses (eNOs) enzyme considered responsible to start the chain of vascular events that produce and sustain erection.Enzyme (eNOs) cause the release of Nitric Oxide at the nerve ending in penis. The initial release of NO get a quick and short duration increase in penile blood flow it also cause short time relaxation in penile muscle to get an erection. Enhanced penile blood vessel and smooth penile muscle relaxation increase the blood flow in penis which results in erection.
When blood sugar O-GLcNac present in hyper glycemic(high blood sugar) circumstances interrupt eNOs enzyme this may cause permanent penile impairment over time.
A patient of diabetes should always take extra care to understand the complexities of his health psychosexual counseling is mandatory in these situations. Sexual therapy is vital for people with diabetes, since the chronic condition is fraught with situational stresses, performance anxiety, and problems in relationships.
A range of different modes of medication are available for the diabetics. Penile injection or vacuum erection device therapy has been used by many patients with satisfaction. A penile prosthesis was certainly a viable option in these individuals should they fail those therapies or wish to go directly to penile prosthesis. Obviously one must bear in mind that diabetics have a higher incidence of infection and thus they should be counseled in that regard. Sildenafil is also proving a good source that diabetics can look up to.
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Introduction
The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) has governed international trade in textiles and clothing since 1974. The MFA enabled developed nations, mainly the USA, European Union and Canada to restrict imports from developing countries through a system of quotas.
The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) to abolish MFA quotas marked a significant turnaround in the global textile trade. The ATC mandated progressive phase out of import quotas established under MFA, and the integration of textiles and clothing into the multilateral trading system before January 2005.
The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing
ATC is a transitory regime between the MFA and the integration of trading in textiles and clothing in the multilateral trading system. The ATC provided for a stage-wise integration process to be completed within a period of ten years (1995-2004), divided into four stages starting with the implementation of the agreement in 1995. The product groups from which products were to be integrated at each stage of the integration included (i) tops and yarns; (ii) fabrics; (iii) made-up textile products; and (iv) clothing.
The ATC mandated that importing countries must integrate a specified minimum portion of their textile and garment exports based on total volume of trade in 1990, at the start of each phase of integration. In the first stage, each country was required to integrate 16 percent of the total volume of imports of 1990, followed by a further 17 percent at the end of first three year and another 18 percent at the end of third stage. The fourth stage would see the final integration of the remaining 49 percent of trade.
Global Trade in Textile and Clothing
World trade in textiles and clothing amounted to US $ 385 billion in 2003, of which textiles accounted for 43 percent (US $ 169 bn) and the remaining 57 percent (US $ 226 bn) for clothing. Developed countries accounted for little over one-third of world exports in textiles and clothing. The shares of developed countries in textiles and clothing trade were estimated to be 47 percent (US $ 79 bn) and 29 percent, (US $ 61 bn) respectively.
Import Trends in USA
In 1990, restrained or MFA countries contributed as much as 87 percent (US $ 29.3 bn) of total US textile and clothing imports, whereas Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and ANDEAN countries together contributed 13 percent (US $ 4.4 bn). Thereafter, there has been a decline in exports by restrained countries; the share of preferential regions more than doubled to reach 30 percent (US $ 26.9 bn) of total imports by USA.
The composition of imports of clothing and textiles by USA in 2003 was 80 percent (US $ 71 bn) and 20 percent (US $ 18 bn), respectively. Asia was the principal sourcing region for imports of both textiles and clothing by USA. Latin American region stood at second position with a share of 12 percent (US $ 2.2 bn) and 26 percent (US $ 18.5 bn), respectively, for textiles and clothing imports, by USA. In most of the quota products imported by USA, India was one of the leading suppliers of readymade garments in USA. Though China is a biggest competitor, the unit prices of China for most of these product groups were high and thus provide opportunities for Indian business.
Import Trends in EU
EU overtook USA as the world's largest market for textiles and clothing. Intra-EU trade accounted for about 40 percent (US $ 40 bn) of total clothing imports and 62 percent (US $ 32.5 bn) of total textile imports by EU. Asia dominates EU market in both clothing and textiles, with 30 percent (US $ 30 bn) and 17 percent (US $ 8 bn) share, respectively. Central and East European countries hold a market share of 11 percent (US $ 11.3 bn) in clothing and 7.5 percent (US $ 4 bn) in textiles imports of EU.
As regards preferential suppliers, the growth of trade between EU and Mediterranean countries, especially Egypt and Turkey, was highest in 2003. As regards individual countries, China accounted for little over 5 percent (US $ 2.8 bn) of EU's imports of textiles and over 12 percent (US $ 12.4 bn) of clothing imports.
In the EU market also, India is a leading supplier for many of the textile products. It is estimated that Turkey would emerge as a biggest competitor for both India and China. However, with regard to unit prices, India appears to be lower than both Turkey and China in many of the categories.
Import Trends in Canada
Amongst the leading suppliers of textiles and clothing to Canada, USA had the highest share of over 31 percent (US $ 8.4 bn), followed by China (21% - US $ 1.8 bn) and EU (8% - US $ 0.6 bn). India was ranked at fourth position and was ahead of other exporters like Mexico, Bangladesh and Turkey, with a market share of 5.2 percent (US $ 0.45 bn).
Potential Gains
It may be noted that clothing sector would offer higher gains than the textile sector, in the post MFA regime. Countries like Mexico, CBI countries, many of the African countries emerged as exporters of readymade garments without having much of textile base, utilizing the preferential tariff arrangement under the quota regime. Besides, countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia emerged as garment exporters due to cost factors, in addition to the quota benefits.
It may be said that countries like China, USA, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Turkey have resource based advantages in cotton; China, India, Vietnam and Brazil have resource based advantages in silk; Australia, China, New Zealand and India have resource based advantages in wool; China, India, Indonesia, Taiwan, Turkey, USA, Korea and few CIS countries have resource based advantages in manmade fibers. In addition, China, India, Pakistan, USA, Indonesia has capacity based advantages in the textile spinning and weaving.
China is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of textured yarn, knitted yarn fabric and woven textured fabric. Brazil is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of woven ring yarn. India is cost competitive with regard to manufacture of ring-yarn, O-E yarn, woven O-E yarn fabric, knitted ring yarn fabric and knitted O-E yarn fabric. According to Werner Management Consultants, USA, the hourly wage costs in textile industry is very high for many of the developed countries. Even in developing economies like Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Turkey and Mauritius, the hourly wage is higher as compared to India, China, Pakistan and Indonesia.
From the above analysis, it may be concluded that China, India, Pakistan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Egypt would emerge as winners in the post quota regime. The market losers in the short term (1-2 years) would include CBI countries, many of the sub-Saharan African countries, Asian countries like Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
The market losers in the long term (by 2014) would include high cost producers, like EU, USA, Canada, Mexico, Japan and many east Asian countries. The determinants of increase / decrease in market share in the medium term would however depend upon the cost, quality and timely Review of Indian Textiles and Clothing Industry The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using delivery. In the long run, there are possibilities of contraction in intra-EU trade in textile and garments, reduction of market share of Turkey in EU and market share of Mexico and Canada in USA, and thus provide more opportunities for developing countries like India.
It is estimated that in the short term, both China and India would gain additional market share proportionate to their current market share. In the medium term, however, India and China would have a cumulative market share of 50 percent, in both textiles and garment imports by USA. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 13.5 percent in textiles and 8 percent in garments in the USA market. With regard to EU, it is estimated that the benefits are mainly in the garments sector, with China taking a major share of 30 percent and India gaining a market share of 8 percent. The potential gain in the textile sector is limited in the EU market considering the proposed further enlargement of EU. It is estimated that India would have a market share of 8 percent in EU textiles market as against the China's market share of 12 percent.
Review of Indian textiles and Clothing Industry
The textiles and garments industry is one of the largest and most prominent sectors of Indian economy, in terms of output, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. Indian textile industry is multi-fiber based, using cotton, jute, wool, silk and mane made and synthetic fibers. In the spinning segment, India has an installed capacity of around 40 million spindles (23% of world), 0.5 million rotors (6% of world). In the weaving segment, India is equipped with 1.80 million shuttle looms (45% of world), 0.02 million shuttle less looms (3% of world) and 3.90 million handlooms (85% of world).
The organised mill (spinning) sector recorded a significant growth during the last decade, with the number of spinning mills increasing from 873 to 1564 by end March 2004. The organised sector accounts for production of almost all of spun yarn, but only around 4 percent of total fabric production. In other words, there are little over 200 composite mills in India leaving the production of fabric and processing to the decentralised small weaving and processing firms. The Indian apparel sector is estimated to have over 25000 domestic manufacturers, 48000 fabricators and around 4000 manufacturer-exporters. Cotton apparel accounts for the majority of Indian apparel exports.
Textiles and Garments Exports from India
The share of textiles and garments exports in India's total exports in the year 2003-04 stood at about 20 percent, amounting to US $ 12.5 billion. The quota countries, USA, EU and Canada accounted for nearly 70 percent of India's garments exports and 44 percent of India's textile exports. Amongst non-quota countries, UAE is the largest market for Indian textiles and garments; UAE accounted for 7 percent of India's total textile exports and 10 percent of India's garments exports.
In terms of products, cotton yarn, fabrics and made-ups are the leading export items in the textile category. In the clothing category, the major item of exports was cotton readymade garments and accessories. However, in terms of share in total imports by EU and USA from India, these products hold relatively lesser share than products made of other fibers, thus showing the restrain in this category.
Critical Factors that Need Attention
Though India is one of the major producers of cotton yarn and fabric, the productivity of cotton as measured by yield has been found to be lower than many countries. The level of productivity in China, Turkey and Brazil is over 1 tonne / ha., while in India it is only about 0.3 tonne / ha. In the manmade fiber sector, India is ranked at fifth position in terms of capacity. However, the capacity and technology infusion in this sector need to be further enhanced in view of the changing fiber consumption in the world. It may be mentioned that the share of cotton in world fiber demand declined from around 50 percent (14.7 mn tons) in 1982 to around 38 percent (20.12 mn tons) in 2003, while the share of manmade fiber has increased from 44 percent (13.10 mn tons) to around 60 percent (31.76 mn tons) over the same period.
Apart from low cost labour, other factors that are having impact on final consumer cost are relative interest cost, power tariff, structural anomalies and productivity level (affected by technological obsolescence). A study by International Textile Manufacturers Federation revealed high power costs in India as compared to other countries like Brazil, China, Italy, Korea, Turkey and USA. Percentage share of power in total cost of production in spinning, weaving and knitting of ring and O-E yarn for India ranged from 10 percent to 17 percent, which is also higher than that of countries like Brazil, Korea and China. Percentage share of capital cost in total production cost in India was also higher ranging from 20 percent to 29 percent as compared to a range of 12 to 26 percent in China.
In India, very few exporters have gone in for integrated production facility. It is noted that countries that would emerge as globally competitive would have significantly consolidated supply chain. For instance, competitor countries like Korea, China, Turkey, Pakistan and Mexico have a consolidated supply chain. In contrast, apart from spinning, the rest of the activities like weaving, processing, made-ups and garmenting are all found to be fragmented in India. Besides, the level of technology in the Indian weaving sector is low compared to other countries of the world. The share of shuttle less looms to total loomage in India is 1.8% as compared to Indonesia (10%), Bangladesh (10%), Sri Lanka (12%), China (14%) and Mexico (29%).
The supply chain in this industry is not only highly fragmented but is beset with bottlenecks that could very well slow down the growth of this sector. As a result the average delivery lead times (from procurement to fabrication and shipment of garments) still takes about 45-60 days. With international lead delivery times coming down to 30-35 days, India needs to cut down the production cycle time substantially to stay in the market. Besides, erratic supply of power and water, availability of adequate road connectivity, inadequacies in port facilities and other export infrastructure have been adversely affecting the competitiveness of Indian textiles sector.
Conclusions
It is believed the quota regime has frozen the market share, providing export opportunities even for high cost producers. Thus, in the free trade regime, the pattern of imports in the quota countries would undergo changes. The issues that would govern the market share in the post quota regime would eventually be productivity, raw material base, quality, cost of inputs, including labour, design skills and operation of economies of scale.
It is believed that quotas, by limiting the supply of goods have kept export prices artificially high. Thus, it is estimated that there would be price war in the post quota regime, with competitive price cuts. The price and quantity effects would depend on the efficiency in production process, supply chain management and the price elasticity of demand.
Due to the expected fall in prices, developing countries with high production cost have little choice but to compete head-on with the biggest low cost suppliers. In this process, it is presumed that there would be better resource reallocation in these economies.
It is assumed that quota restrictions would continue beyond 2005 in various forms. It is also widely recognized that removal of quota may not directly provide easy and unrestricted access to developed country markets. There would be non-tariff barriers as well. Standards related to health, safety, environment, quality of work life and child labour would gain further momentum in international trade in textiles and clothing.
Strategies and Recommendations
Cost competitiveness in Indian garments sector has been restrained by limited scale operations, obsolete technology and reservation under SSI policies. While retaining its traditional cost advantages of home grown cotton and low cost labour, India needs to sharpen its competitive edge by lowering the cost of operations through efficient use of production inputs and scale operations. Besides, there are needs for rationalization of charges, levies related to usage of export logistics to remain cost competitive.
As fallout to the quota regime, there would be consolidation of production and restriction on supplying countries, which would necessarily mean improved scale operations. Indian players should also integrate to achieve operating leverage and demonstrate high bargaining power.
It is reported that Chinese textile firms have already invested heavily to expand and grab huge market share in the quota free world. In India, organised players in this sector would require huge investments to remain competitive in the quota free world. These players need to expand and integrate vertically to achieve scale operations and introduce new technologies. It is estimated that the industry would require Rs. 1.5 trillion (US $ 35 billion) new capital investment in the next ten years (by 2014) to lap the potential export opportunities of US $ 70 billion. It is estimated that USA and EU together would offer a market of US $ 42 billion for Indian textiles and garments in 2014.
Technology would play a lead role in the weaving and processing, which would improve quality and productivity levels. Innovations would also be happening in this sector, as many developed countries would innovate new generation machineries that are likely to have low manual interface and power cost. Indian textile industry should also turn into high technology mode to reap the benefits of scale operations and quality. Foreign investments coupled with foreign technology transfer would help the industry to turn into high-tech mode.
Internationally, trading in textile and garment sector is concentrated in the hands of large retail firms. Majority of them are looking for few vendors with bulk orders and hence opting for vertically integrated companies. Thus, there is need for integrating the operations in India also, from spinning to garment making, to gain their attention. This would also bring down the turn around time and improve quality. Indian players should also improve upon their soft skills, viz., design capabilities, textile technology, management and negotiating skills.
Garment manufacturing business is order driven. It would be difficult for the players to keep the workforce full time, even in lean season. This calls for changes in contract labour laws.
Logistics and supply chain would also play a crucial role as timely delivery would be an important requirement for success in international trade. The logistics and supply chain management of Indian textile firms are relatively weak and needs improvement and efficiency. China has already created a world class export infrastructure. Given the volume of projections for exports by India, it may be necessary to create additional export infrastructure, especially investment for modernization of ports. In addition, India needs to invest for creating brand equity, supply chain management and apparel industry education.
To sum up, the ability of Indian textile industry to take advantage of quota phase-out would depend upon their ability to enhance overall competitiveness through exploitation of economies of scale in manufacturing and supply chain. The need of the hour therefore is to evolve a well chalked out strategy, aimed at improvement in the levels of productivity and efficiency, quality control, faster product innovation, quick response to changes in consumer preferences and the ability to move up in the value chain by building brand names and acquiring channels of distribution so as to outweigh the advantages of competitors in the long run.
Source: Export-Import Bank of India, India.
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As a result of dating for decades and chatting with many singles of both sexes, I've gathered some interesting and helpful insights about men and women. Here are a few:
The Age Thing.
New millennium or not, it's still dicy for a guy to ask a woman her age, especially after just meeting, and especially if she's over 35. When dating websites feature 60- year old geezers who won't look at a woman over 39, it's not surpising why some single women are age sensitive. Personally, I don't get the "old guy, young babe" thing, but it is the way some guys think. The other obvious sensitivity has to do with women who desire a family.
The ironic thing is how ignorant many guys are about this issue especially when they're often the ones fueling it. To them, age is just a friggin' number. So, to those men I say, "sure it's a 'friggin' number', and so is the size of your penis." Now there's a friggin' number some guys aren't so quick to discuss.
The Size Thing.
Since many guys will think nothing of asking a woman her age in the first 2 minutes of meeting, try this... when a guy asks your age, smile politely and tell him. Then ask his penis size.
Of course most women I've encountered say they don't really care about penis size. They claim they're simply not as preoccupied with physical attributes the way men are. And judging from the couples I've seen, I don't doubt that theory. But I've noticed there is an area where size does matter to women.
The Height Thing.
I've discovered that a man can be old, fat, bald, with a small penis and criminal record, but God forbid he's short. With the possible exceptions of Danny DeVito and Napolean most women have a real problem with short guys. I've made another observation. A man can be old, fat, bald, with a small penis and criminal record and be short, if he's a great dancer.
The Dancing Thing.
Having the ability to glide a woman around a dance floor is -- for a guy -- like having some kind of super-power over women. Virtually any guy can enter a crowded room, walk up to the most attractive woman in the place, and in seconds be rubbing bods. Try that without music and you're talkin' 3 to 5 at Levinworth. The crazy thing is that most guys aren't into dancing. They're simply clueless.
Bubble baths, football, and porn.
Call it a strong feminine side but I actually like dancing. I also dig bubble baths. Hey, don't get me wrong, I also love football and porn, but I'm telling you if more women were into football and porn and more guys were into bubble baths and dancing we'd probably have a lot fewer divorces. But that's another article.
© 2005 John Follis. All rights reserved.
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Sexual health is a vital aspect in life as far as we are concerned and sexual satisfaction, an essential ingredient when it comes to active, physical relationships. We express sexual desires in many ways. And we do not know whether it is our own sexual fantasies or physiological reasons that bring out sexual desires in us.
Inhibited sexual desire
A low level of sexual desire and interest manifested by a failure to initiate or be responsive to a partner’s initiation of sexual activity is termed as Inhibited sexual desire. Though most of the aspects which stall sexual desire are personal or relational in nature, there are some physical problems too which affect a person’s sexual desire.
Women lack the libido
Lack of sexual desire occurs in approximately 20% of the population and is more common in women than men. Women find themselves guilty of engaging in sex some times or the lack of proper communication makes them stay away from sexual desires. For the woman, sexual desire, love making and satisfaction are feelings closely related to the mind. Good relationships, effective communication and partner’s comfort level determines her urge to involve in sexual activities. For men, it’s the penis which tells him that he is sexually stimulated but for women the message comes from the brain.
No sexual desire? Learn what causes it.
• Communication problems between the partners
• Both men and women fear intimacy. Men especially think that intimacy in a relationship makes them weak
• Anxiety can creep into any relationship. If you have never had sex or had bad experiences from it, then fears and anxieties can ruin sexual interests
• Fear of STD’S or pregnancy might worry you
• Lack of privacy in joint families
• A very restrictive upbringing in matters relating to sex
• Traumatic sexual experiences
• Stress
In marriage, emotional bondage and sexual compatibility are important to make the relationship work. If any one of the partners feels a lack of sexual interest in their relationship, talking helps. Communication is the key to a successful marriage. Like the emotional balance, sexual activity bonds a relationship closer together. So, a lack of sexual desire in you or your partner needs immediate attention.
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The naked eye is unable to see objects that are too tiny or too far. But telescopes allow the naked eye to get a good view of distant objects. You must have heard of, seen or used a telescope.
Telescopes are devices that are endowed with magnifiers to allow you to see things magnified with a clear view. Telescopes are commonly used in science or its branches, particularly astronomy and physics.
How does a telescope work? Two lenses are installed in a telescope. This makes viewing a distant object possible. Each of the lenses has a function. The objective lens, or the primary mirror, collects the illumination radiated by the object viewed and makes it readily available in a certain focus point. The eyepiece lens picks up the vivid light from the focus point and spreads it to the retina so that viewing becomes possible.
There are various determinants to good object viewing in the telescope. An efficient telescope ought to possess the competent quality of collecting light from the object that is viewed and the capacity to magnify the image.
The diameter of the lens or the mirror employed in the telescope determines the collection of light. It is also termed aperture. Logically, the better the aperture, the more light it is able to gather. Image enlargement, however, is entirely dependent upon the blending of lenses. It is the eyepiece of the telescope that does the magnification.
The prices of telescopes vary with the specifications and capacities. You can also purchase accessories that will conjure with your telescope’s image. Whether you station a telescope on your veranda for a delightful stargazing experience, or you opt for a toy telescope, the function of the telescope remains the same -- to enable you to take a clear view of far away objects.
