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THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide are the primary functions of the respiratory system. The respiratory system carries out these life-sustaining acts in close coordination with the circulatory system. Most of the time, we remain blissfully unaware of these automatic functions. The respiratory organs deliver oxygen to the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports the oxygen to all body cells. Oxygen is used by cells to liberate the energy needed for cellular activities. The respiratory system also removes carbon dioxide. Thus, the circulatory system prevents the buildup of this lethal waste byproduct in the body tissues. Irreversible damage to tissues can occur if the respiratory system is halted even for a few minutes. This can cause failure of all the other body systems. The consequence is death! NOSE COMMENCES THE RESPIRATORY PROCESS The respiratory system begins from the nose. It ends in the lungs. The respiratory system is broadly divided into two parts, viz., the upper and the lower respiratory tracts. The upper respirator tract is made up of the nose and the throat (pharynx). The lower respiratory tract includes five organs. They are the voice box (larynx), and the windpipe (trachea), bronchi, bronchioles and the lungs. The trachea splits into the two branches called bronchi. The bronchi further gets divided into further smaller branches called bronchioles. The lungs are a pair of spongy saclike organs. The bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx and the nose transport air to and from the lungs. It is the lungs that interact with the circulatory system for delivering oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. THE RESPIRATION PROCESS Respiration is a two-pronged process. It involves the respiratory and the circulatory systems. Respiration connotes the coordinated functioning whereby the cells are delivered oxygen and the lethal carbon dioxide is removed. The first phase: The nose begins the first phase of respiration. This is done with inhaling or inhalation (breathing in). The process brings in air along with oxygen from outside the body into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes via the blood vessels to the heart. The heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. The first phase of respiration ends with the oxygen moving into the cells from the bloodstream. The second phase: The second phase commences after the oxygen gets into the cells. The cells use the oxygen to produce energy. This independent process is called cellular respiration. It produces the byproduct -- carbon dioxide. The accumulated carbon dioxide now moves from the cells to the bloodstream. Next, the bloodstream transports the carbon dioxide to the heart. Then, the carbon dioxide-laden blood is pumped back to the lungs. The third phase: Again the nose comes into picture during this stage. The lungs push the byproduct to the nose from where it is exhaled or breathed out. This is the final or the third stage when the body gets rid of the carbon dioxide. At the end of the third stage or the entire respiratory cycle another one starts automatically. OTHER FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM The respiratory system further regulates the balance of acid and base in tissues. This balancing act is crucial for the normal functioning of cells. It protects the body against disease-causing organisms and toxic substances inhaled with air. The respiratory system also houses the cells that detect smell. Moreover, the respiratory system assists in the production of sounds for speech. THE OLFACTORY NERVE The brownish olfactory nerve is also called olfactory receptors. The olfactory nerve inside the nose is the main nerve of smell. The olfactory region is made up of thick nasal soft mucous membrane. Its brownish color is because of a pigment. The olfactory nerve ends in minute varicose fibers (several small branches). These fibers ultimately conclude in the epithelial cells. Mentionably, the epithelial cells project into the nasal free surface. The olfactory nerve is the first to know of any chemicals that may enter the nasal passages. The receptors immediately trigger off a signal to the brain. This creates the smell perception. THE ESOPHAGUS Esophagus is a muscular tube. The esophagus carries food from the throat to the stomach. The esophagus and the pharynx situated behind the mouth swallow the food and move it to the stomach. The stomach temporarily stores the food, mixes it with digestive juices, and carries out some digestion. The esophagus also holds the stomach contents in place. Actually, this function is carried out by the lower esophageal sphincter. This sphincter is a muscle. It is located at the lower end of the esophagus. THE PHARYNX The pharynx is a passageway for both air and food. The pharynx connects the nose and mouth with the windpipe (trachea) and the food pipe (esophagus). The pharynx is a muscular tube. The pharynx is located within the neck. The pharynx is lined with a mucous membrane. The pharynx is approximately five inches (13 cm) in length. The pharynx lies in the front of the spinal column. The upper portion of the pharynx is known as nasopharynx. The name arises as it begins in the back of the nasal cavity.. The lower part is oropharynx. It points to that area in the back of the mouth. The pharynx ends at the epiglottis. Epiglottis is a flap of cartilage. Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. However, the epiglottis allows the food to enter the esophagus. Two eustachian tubes connect the pharynx to the middle ear. These eustachian equalizes the eardrums air pressure. The pharynx can be infected via the mouth as well as the nose. Sore throat involves pharynx infection (pharyngitis) or throat inflammation. Pharyngitis can be due to infectious mononucleosis, herpes, and viral infections. The viral infections are German measles (rubella), influenza, and common cold. It can also be caused by bacteria like staphylococcal, streptococcal, chlamydial, and diphtherial. These bacteria multiply cause sore throat by multiplying rapidly within the pharynx. Tonsils and Adenoids Among the adults the pharynx contains the tonsils, while among the children the pharynx contains the adenoids. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat. Tonsils form a tissue ring around the pharynx or the throat. Tonsils are cells. Tonsils are similar to the bloodstream lymphocytes. Tonsils are embedded in fibrous connective tissues. Tonsils are covered by a single epithelium layer. The lymphoid cells are phagocytic. The cells protect the pharynx from bacteria that can cause diseases. Tonsils may become inflamed and chronically or acutely infected. This condition is called tonsillitis. It is generally caused by streptococcus infection. During tonsillitis and streptococcal, the tissues surrounding the tonsils form pus. Then a whitish coat forms over the tonsils which can appear as white specks. This state is called quinsy. When the pharyngeal tonsils become inflamed they become abnormally large. They are called adenoids. Acute cases of tonsillitis are often treated by antibiotics like penicillin. Chronic recurrent tonsillitis may be treated by tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). Adenoids: Adenoids are lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat. Adenoids usually shrink and disappear by adolescence. Enlargement of this tissue is common among children. Such a state can interfere with breathing. Symptoms of enlarged adenoids include restless sleep, snoring, breathing via mouth, and a nasal voice. Earlier, these tissues were removed in children. It was thought that inflamed adenoids led to recurrent colds and infections. Nowadays, this condition is recognized as benign. As a result, there are lesser adenoidectomies. THE LARYNX From the pharynx, the inhaled air moves to the larynx. The larynx is about five inches (13 cm) in length. The larynx is located in the central part of the neck. The larynx is made up of several layers of flexible but tough cartilage, a tissue. Mentionably, during puberty the males experience a protrusion of the cartilage. This enlarged prominent extension at the neck is called the Adam’s apple. FUNCTIONS OF THE LARYNX The larynx primarily transports air to the wind pipe (trachea). Besides, the larynx also helps in producing the sounds. The epiglottis -- a leaflike thin tissue portion of the larynx -- further prevents the food from entering the trachea (thus obviating the possibility of choking). Moreover, the cilia cells as well as the mucous membrane of the larynx also filter air. The cilia cells take the airborne substances towards the pharynx where they are swallowed. The epiglottis: The epiglottis stem is attached to the top and the front portions of the larynx. When the epiglottis remains in a vertical position, it acts like a trap door. This happens during the breathing process. But as a person starts swallowing, a reflexive action forces the epiglottis and the larynx to move near each other toward each other. This coming closer of the epiglottis and the larynx forms a protective seal. As a result, the fluids and food are specifically sent towards the food pipe (esophagus). When the reflexive action doesn’t work: What happens when the reflexive action doesn’t function is that the food can enter the larynx. This happens when one eats the meal fats or when one laughs while swallowing. The result is that there will be a recurrent cough impelled choking effect. At times this apparently simple choking effect can even be life-threatening. The cough is the body’s reflexive action to clear the larynx of the impediment. Whenever such choking takes place, someone must thump the back portion between the shoulder blades several times. This will help the person to get over the choking effect. The Heimlich maneuver: The Heimlich maneuver clears the windpipe of obstructions like food or fluid. The first-aid providing person applies thrusts in quick and in upward motion at the patient’s abdomen. The objective is to expel the object stuck at the trachea (windpipe). Standing behind the victim, the person keeps both his arms across the patient’s waist. Then, he places the fist of one hand below the rib cage and a bit above the navel. All the while, he keeps the thumb against the patient’s body. He uses the other hand for holding the fist and for applying pressure. Next, he puts quick pressure on the abdomen. The pressure is put in an inward and an upward motion. This fast recurrent action forces the lung air to get rid of the substance blocking the windpipe. However, in cases where the patient cannot stand still, is overweight, faints following the choking effect, the Heimlich maneuver is done in a different manner. The patient is made to lie face down. The first-aid provider carries on the process with the heel of a hand. Important: Nonetheless, it is important that the person does not put undue pressure on the rib cage. This is especially true when the patient is a child or an elderly person. Too much pressure can break ribs. Pertaining to pregnant woman or overweight people, the first-aid provider must place his hands only on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) while carrying out the maneuver. In acute choking, tracheotomy (a surgical procedure) is undertaken to carry out bypass of the larynx. This operation brings in air to the trachea. TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND BRONCHIOLES The trachea is another tube measuring approximately six inches (15 cm). The trachea is located below the larynx. From the larynx the air passes on to the trachea. About 20 sturdy C-shaped cartilage rings constitute the trachea. These rings help to keep the trachea open. In the process, air gets transported unhindered. While the unfastened cartilage is located at the trachea’s back portion, their ends are linked to each other by muscle tissues. Bronchi & bronchioles: The trachea base is situated at the portion where the neck meets the body trunk. At this juncture, the trachea splits into the right and the left bronchi. These bronchi transport air to the right and left lungs respectively. Inside the lungs, these bronchi again break up into smaller tubes -- the bronchioles. In fact, the respiratory system’s cleansing process is carried out by those bronchioles that are situated at the initial part, bronchi, and the trachea. These organs carry out the cleansing process via the mucous membrane linings as well as the ciliated cells. These cilia and the lining push the mucus upward towards the pharynx. Alveoli & capillaries: Alveoli are minute sacs inside the lungs. Most of the alveoli are lung tissues. Alveoli are formed by the bronchioles as they divide several times. The alveoli along with the bronchioles resemble a tree. The alveoli are only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) in diameter. There are about 150 million alveoli in each lung. The alveoli carry out a dual function. While providing oxygen to the circulatory system, they also remove carbon dioxide from the lungs. The thin elastic alveoli walls expand when air moves into them. The walls collapse to exhale the air. The alveoli remain in clusters like the grapes. Each cluster is surrounded by capillaries. The capillaries are thin-walled and form a dense net of tiny hairs. The alveoli wall air is generally located 0.2 microns away from the blood carried by the capillary. Mentionably, the alveoli have more oxygen concentration then the capillaries. So, oxygen disseminates to capillaries from alveoli. Through the capillaries, oxygen goes to the larger vessels. These vessels then transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. Next, the heart pumps the cleaned blood to the other parts of the body. Macrophages: Among the alveoli are interspersed many macrophages. The macrophages are blood cells. These large white cells act as the last sentinels of the respiratory system among the alveoli. The macrophages segregate the foreign elements which may have passed through the earlier filtration process. This last line of defense ensures that the alveoli are not infected. Carbon dioxide disposal: The cells from across the body dump Carbon dioxide as a waste product. It is dumped in the bloodstream. The blood carries Carbon dioxide into the heart. From the heart, the Carbon dioxide moves to the alveolar capillaries. Notably, the capillaries have more concentration of carbon dioxide than the alveoli. So, carbon dioxide gets diffused into the alveoli from the capillaries. 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Breast enlargement is an operation to increase the size of the breasts. This is usually achieved by placing an artificial implant under the skin or muscle of the chest. Breast enlargement surgery is a procedure that has become increasingly common amongst many women, and people have this surgery for a number of reasons. Many opt for breast enlargement surgery simply as a matter of personal taste. They may feel uncomfortable because they feel that their bust is too small, and in a society where a big bust line seems to be the in thing they are prepared to go the extra mile to compete. Some women opt for breast enlargement surgery because they want to go into a particular profession, such as modeling, exotic dancing, etc. and they feel that a larger bust will help. Others have breast enlargement surgery for less superficial reasons, perhaps due to differently sized breasts or to correct the breast volume after pregnancy. Reasons for breast enlargement Aesthetic or cosmetic reasons for breast enlargement include: Feeling that the breasts are simply too small or out of proportion Loss of breast volume after pregnancy Difference in size between the two breasts Breast size that has reduced after losing weight Breast enlargement is usually done under general anesthetic and may be performed as a day case, without the need for an overnight stay in hospital. It is important to remember that breast enlargement does involve surgery, and any surgery involves an element of risk. Although this procedure is performed every day and usually without problems, there are no guarantees with any type of surgery. There are risks regarding the results of the surgery for instance, the result may not be all you expected, even after paying out a large sum of money. In addition, there are more serious risks, such as infections, hardening, swelling, and scarring. penis enlarement pills natural penis enargement technique truth about penis elargement pills vimax home penis enlargement penis enlagement secret truth about penis enlarement buy penile enlargment pills top rated penis elargement pills penis enhancement program

Human beings are the most superior creature on this planet with immense control over body and mind which helps to achieve fulfillment against all odds; but everything in life comes with its share of adversity. Just like the condition of erectile dysfunction, prevalent in millions of men over the world which is enough to take many successful men and their relationships to the dock. For years, men suffered in silence as they were too embarrassed to speak about their sexual incompetence and also feared rejection by their partners. Erectile dysfunction (ED) commonly termed impotence is in all aspect a medical condition when a man is unable to achieve or sustain an erection necessary for a sexual act pertaining to his sexual needs or the needs of his partner and has to be treated like any other disease, erectile dysfunction is the sexual inability in a man prevalent consistently over a prolonged period of time and has nothing to do with momentary fluctuations in sexual activity. This is caused mainly due to the hardening of arteries, called arteriosclerosis where narrower hardened arteries prevent the flow of blood to the penis, even on stimulation. There are also several psychological and lifestyle conditions responsible for erectile dysfunction. Latest studies have revealed that erectile dysfunction is not age-related and it can be treated at any age. Researchers over the world have been trying on various methods for treating impotence but the most successful and popular amongst them is the oral medication Viagra. For years, men suffering from ED continued their trial against destiny and had to rely only on their sexual fantasy. While a group of researchers aided by the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer Inc. New York developed the first oral drug for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. This pioneer drug was named viagra and was approved by the FDA in March, 1998. Since then Viagra has been successfully retrieving back the sexual bliss in many dismantled relationships. This power in Viagra is due to its magical active component, Sildenafil citrate. This ingredient helps in the relaxation of the arteries which thereby improve the flow of blood to the penis on stimulation, thus facilitating an erection. Viagra taken an hour prior to a sexual activity guarantees absolute pleasure and hold true your sexual fantasies for the next 4 hours. Pfizer has been no less than a savior to the many ED affected men, but anyone contemplating the use of Viagra is advised to consult a doctor before using it considering factors like drug interaction and the health factor for an active sex. Moreover, Viagra online information provides adequate support on latest studies, expert consultations and online buying guide with the click of a mouse. It is indeed the well wishes of many privileged men whose lives are being rejuvenated by Viagra that is behind the success story of Pfizer Pharmaceuticals. penis enlagement program pennis enlargement result pnis enlargement operation free penile enlargment exercise natural penis enargement and lengthening pnis enlargement picture pnis enlargement procedure vimax penis enlargement before and after picture penis enhancement program

What happen during the first month of your newborn, does your baby need check up? In the first weeks after birth, your newborn begins a series of routine check ups. These are called well child visits. All healthcare professions have individual approaches to the timing and frequencies of these visits. In general, you should take your baby for a checkup within a week after delivery and thereafter, one or two visits during the first month as recommended by your doctor. During the well child visits, the doctor will perform the following: • Measure weight, length, and head circumference of the baby. The doctor will plot these measurements on a growth chart for comparison of previous and later markings to ensure normal, expected growth of your baby. • Check your baby's eyesight and hearing. • Examine if the cord has fallen off and the belly button is healing well. • Evaluate the baby's reflexes and general development. He will give some insight into your baby's feeding, and sleeping and will ask you if you have noticed any changes in behavior. Changes in caring and feeding of your baby will be suggested if necessary. • If your infant is a boy and was circumcised, the doctor will examine his penis as well. • He/she might also take a sample from baby’s heel to test for phenylketonuria (PKU). Although your baby might have been tested for PKU at the time of birth, it is advisable to repeat the test during first well baby visit as the test bears risks of inaccuracy when done within 48 hours of delivery. • He/she will also give your baby a hepatitis shot during one of these visits and will provide you with a schedule of immunizations your newborn is to be given during the subsequent visits. These routine well child visits will assure you about your baby’s progress and give you the opportunity to ask questions concerning your child’s care. How do I choose the best doctor for my newborn? Some parents are familiar with their pediatric practitioner even before they become pregnant, while most, especially the first time parents are not. If you were unaware of the doctor and service, you would like to avail for your coming baby, do not get overwhelmed and relax! With a little hard work, you will be able to reach a pediatrician you can rely on and respect. However, commence your search well in advance of your delivery. An optimal way to do it is to seek the names of pediatricians from your reliable sources, which may be your obstetrician, gynecologist, midwife or even relatives, friends, colleagues or neighbors with kids who share your parenting and perspectives. You may consider asking them the questions like, “Do their kids respond well to the doctor?”, “Is the doctor an experienced pediatrician?”, “Does he have knowledge of recent medical advances?”, “Does she welcome your queries and take time to discuss them?” Once you are ready with your list of potential pediatricians, start interviewing them, preferably in person, as it gives you a feel of their style, how they run their office, what the staff and nurses are like and if you feel comfortable with them. Ideally, you should accomplish this task about three months before you are due and take your birth plan along. You may address the following queries to the doctor in the interview: • Is she is licensed by the state, in which she practices? • What are her viewpoints on child-rearing issues such as breast-feeding, weaning and nutrition? • What she thinks about the use of antibiotics? (Due to adverse effects and questionable benefits of antibiotics, some pediatricians have restricted their use on kids). • What will happen if baby needs to transfer to the intensive care nursery? • Is she available in evening hours and on weekends? • Does she have a group or solo practice so that your child can see one of partners in the absence of her doctor? • Is she covered by insurance? • Various other issues like vaccination, nearness to your home, hospital affiliation, etc. may be important to you and must be addressed. While you interview the doctor, pay attention to how well she considers your needs. And also if you feel comfortable with her or not. Your choice of the doctor should be the one who best meets all these criteria! penis enlargement procedure penis enlarement device enlargement free penis pill sample pnis enlargement surgeon top penis enhancement pills penis enlargment excersizes best penis enlargement pill penile enlargment excersizes penis enhancement program

Penis girth is something most men fail to realize is what pleasures a woman over the actual length of the penis. To define girth, it is the measurement of how thick your penis is. Girth measurements are taken from the circumference of the penis. The woman’s vagina is most sensitive within the first 1/3 of its length. Longer penises will only fit to a certain point, while thicker ones will apply the pressure to the more sexually sensitive areas at the front. Logic dictates that a longer penis isn’t going to be able to fit all the way inside her, while a thicker penis can (a woman’s vagina can stretch to huge amounts, for example in birth). To find out your own penis girth, simply get your penis into an erect state, and take a tape measure and wrap it around the thickest part of your penis shaft. This will be your girth size, and if it is above 5.2 inches, you’ll be above average. What you’re probably more concerned with though is, is it possible to increase your penis girth size? Well the answer is yes. Using natural penis exercises, and possibly a combination of penis enlargement pills to help promote the blood flow, a man can increase his penis girth maybe up to an inch of what it was previously. Although with girth sizes, it is important to remember that even a few millimeters in increase has a huge effect on the overall diameter of the penis. Below are two techniques you can use to help promote penis girth expansion. Remember, it is important to do a warm up exercise before you attempt any from below. To warm up get a cloth and soak it in some warm water and then rinse it. Wrap it around your penis and hold it there for about 4 minutes and then when you remove it, dry it with a towel to make sure you can get a good grip. You’re now all ready to perform your penis girth gaining exercises. The first technique I will talk about is commonly nicknamed The Flexing Girth or the Ultimate Jelq. First of all, take your penis in your hand, and massage it to around 60% to 80% erect. It is important not to do make it fully hard; else you can damage the blood vessels within it. Make an OK sign with your thumb and index finger, and then grip around the base of your penis. Squeeze the base for about 3 to 4 seconds then release and move up the penis shaft a bit. Repeat the squeeze and continue till you get to the head of your penis. Do this for about 5 minutes, or until you’ve done around 100 strokes. The second technique you can also use is nicknamed the Penis Squeeze. This one you can have your penis fully erect with, and is in fact essential that you do. Like the previous exercises, make an ok sign with your fingers on your left hand and grip tightly the base of the penis. Then with your right, gently push down on the head of the penis, like you’re trying to bend it in two. Perform the exercise for around 5 minutes. Remember, with any type of exercise, you’re not going to get results on the first day. You may not see anything until after a month of doing these, but the most important thing is to not stop.